Darkening modes
Keeps the darkest color inside the layer and drops the lightest colors inside the layer.
Any color in the foreground layer which is lighter than the background layer drops off and any color in the foreground layer which is darker than the background layer remains.
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Lightening modes
Keeps the lightest color inside the layer and drops the darkest colors inside the layer.
Any color in the foreground layer which is darker than the background layer drops off and any color in the foreground layer which is lighter than the background layer remains.
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Contrast modes
Somehow like combining the darkening and lightening modes.
It multiply the shadow, screen the highlights and drops the mid-tones. Overall, creates a high contrast effect.